Signs of Rabies in Human: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Prevention-

Signs of Rabies in human beings show you are a heartwarming video seen in my life. Symptoms of disease in human video show you develop of Rabies of bite (in Day): 43 Days. Signs of Rabies in humans after a dog bite the first symptoms can appear from a few days to more than a year after the bite occurs. In this case of a patient suffering from a fever, headache, muscle aches, loss of appetite, nausea, and fatigue.

History of this Rabies Patient:

Date: 11th February 2016
Age (In Years): 62 Years
Sex: Male
Residence: Rural
Nature of injury: Bite
Type of Bite: With Bleeding
Site of Bite: Head
Number of Bites: Multiple
The severity of Bite: Sever
History of Vaccination: Absent
Anti-Serum: Not Used
History of the bite by Stray Animal
Name of Animal: Dog
Development of Rabies of bit (in Day): 43 Days
The fate of animal: Killed by public
Symptoms: Hydrophobia, Aerophobia

In the advanced stage of the infection, as it spreads to other parts of the nervous system, these symptoms may develop, problems moving facial muscles, abnormal movements of the diaphragm and muscles that control breathing, difficulty swallowing and increased production of saliva, causing the “foaming at the mouth” usually associated with rabies infection. As well as Hydrophobia, Aerophobia.

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Prevention of Human Rabies:

In this post, you will talk about animal sting management and pre and post-exposure vaccination schedules. Let us first look at the history of Rabies. The name of his picture is Mr. Louis Pasteur.

 

1885:

Rabies Virus: Mode of Transmission

Animal to Man:

1. Bites of rabid animals.
2. Scratches by rabid animals—rabies Virus Types.
3. Licks on abraded skin or mucous membranes.

Aerosols:

1. In caves harboring rabies-infected bats.
2. In laboratories handling rabies-infected neural tissue.

Oral:

1. She was drinking un-boiled raw milk of rabies-infected cow or goat.
2. Eating the meat of rabid animals can theoretically lead to Rabies.

Man to Man:

1. A corneal transplant from an infected person.
2. Solid-organ transplant (liver, kidney) from an infected person.
3. Bite from a rabid human; theoretical risk but no confirmed cases reported as yet.

Animal Exposure Management:

1. Wound management
2. Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)
3. Rabies Immune Globulin (RIG)
4. Tetanus prophylaxis
5. Antibiotics

WHO Wound Category:

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Category: 01

Type of Contact: Touching or feeding of animals Licks on intact skin

Wound Management:

• Avoid direct touching of wounds with bare hands.
• Gentle, thorough washing with soap or detergent and flushing the wound with running water for 10-15 minutes, for five times.
• If soap and detergent are not immediately available, wash with running water for at least 10 minutes.
• Later anti-septic will be used.

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STRUCTURE OF RABIES VIRUS:

• Single-Stranded RNA Virus
• Bullet Shaped.
• Size 75 nm x 180 nm.
• Enveloped Virus – Lipoprotein
• Numerous spikes present on the envelope made up of glycoprotein.
• Glycoprotein necessary for viral attachment & induces protective antibodies.
• Nucleoprotein is also essential and known to offer protection.

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Wound Management: Surgical Care

• Suturing of the wound should be avoided as far as possible. If surgically unavoidable, minimum loose sutures should be applied after adequate local treatment along with proper infiltration of rabies immunoglobulins (RIG).
• Cauterisation of the wound is no longer recommended as it leaves a horrible scar and does not confer any additional advantage over washing the wound with water and soap.

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Prevention of human Rabies: The 5 essential things-

PEP-Post Exposure Prophylaxis for non-immunized subjects:

WHO approved ID regimens for Post-Exposure Prophylaxis:

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Intradermal route and rabies vaccine potency requirements:

The antigenic potency of all the WHO-approved vaccines has proven similar and is well above the minimum value of 2.5 IU/ampoule.

WHO minimum potency requirement for human rabies vaccines for intradermal use should not be increased beyond 2.5 IU (per single intramuscular dose) by national authorities unless the need for a change is substantiated by clinical or field studies.

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PEP vaccination schedule for pre-immunized subjects:

• Those who have previously undergone complete pre-exposure VaccinationVaccination or post-exposure prophylaxis with cell-derived rabies vaccines.
• Those who have been vaccinated against Rabies and demonstrated neutralizing antibody titers of at least 0.5 I0/mL.

Source: WHO Expert consultation on Rates Frg report Technical Report Series 931, 2006.1-121

PEP vaccination schedule for pre-immunized subjects:

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TCV Schedules (ID):

• For pre-exposure prophylaxis, 1st booster injection one year later, and subsequent booster injections recommended. Regular serology testing of neutralizing antibodies to assess seroconversion of subjects at increase risk of exposure to rabies virus, with a frequency, adapted to that risk.

Source: WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies, First report Technical Report Senes 931, 2005,1-121.38. Sanofi Pasteur Company Core Data Sheet Rabies (VERO). Vaccine, February 2007. Data on file

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RIG: Type and Dose-

Equine rabies immunoglobulins (ERIG):

40 IU per kg body weight up to a maximum of 3000 IU.

Human rabies immunoglobulins (HRIG):

20 IU per kg body weight up to a maximum of 1500 IU.

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RIG (Rabies Immune Globulin): Mode of Action

• According to WHO- RIG is a must in severe Rabies.

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Exposure: WHO Category III

• To provide early protection for patients
• Schematic diagram explaining antibodies kinetic after antirabies VaccinationVaccination.

Deaths have been reports due to “Management errors.”

These are usually the result of:

1. Delay in treatment
2. Lack o RIG administration
3. Failure to inject RIG into all the bite wounds.

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RIG INFILTRATION:

Positive test reaction:

• Induration >10mm with or without constitutional symptoms.
• If the skin test is positive – HRIG is preferred (affordability, availability)
• If ERIG has to be administered, then pre-treat with Adrenaline / Epinephrine and with Antihistamine before administering the full dose.

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis: